THE COMPLETE LIST OF NIKOLA TESLA'S PATENTS

Nikola Tesla - 'Inventor of today's technological world' was truely a great electrical engineer whose innovations have led the world to where it stands today.
Recently,all the patents of Nikola Tesla were open-sourced by  'Tesla Motors', in the spirit of the open source movement ,for the advancement of electric vehicle technology.
Below ,I am providing links to download the complete set of Nikola's patents.
Source: www.nuenergy.org

Nikola Tesla patents: the USA

Patent	Date of Application	Patent Title
334,823	January 26, 1886	Commutator for Dynamo Electric Machines
335,786	February 9, 1886	Electric Arc Lamp
335,787	February 9, 1886	Electric Arc Lamp
336,961	March 2, 1886	Regulator for Dynamo Electric Machines
336,962	March 2, 1886	Regulator for Dynamo Electric Machines
350,954	October 19, 1886	Regulator for Dynamo Electric Machines
359,748	March 22, 1887	Dynamo Electric Machine
381,968	May 1, 1888	Electro Magnetic Motor
381,969	May 1, 1888	Electro Magnetic Motor
381,970	May 1, 1888	System of Electrical Distribution
382,279	May 1, 1888	Electro Magnetic Motor
382,280	May 1, 1888	Electrical Transmission of Power
382,281	May 1, 1888	Electrical Transmission of Power
382,282	May 1, 1888	Method of Converting and Distributing Electric Currents
382,845	May 15, 1888	Commutator for Dynamo Electric Machines
390,413	October 2, 1888	System of Electrical Distribution
390,414	October 2, 1888	Dynamo Electric Machine
390,415	October 2, 1888	Dynamo Electric Machine or Motor
390,721	October 9, 1888	Dynamo Electric Machine
390,820	October 9, 1888	Regulator for Alternate Current Motors
396,121	January 15, 1889	Thermo Magnetic Motor
401,520	April 16, 1889	Method of Operating Electro Magnetic Motors
405,858	June 25, 1889	Electro Magnetic Motor
405,859	June 25, 1889	Method of Electrical Power Transmission
406,968	July 16, 1889	Dynamo Electric Machine
413,353	October 22, 1889	Method of Obtaining Direct from Alternating Currents
416,191	December 3, 1889	Electro Magnetic Motor
416,192	December 3, 1889	Method of Operating Electro Magnetic Motors
416,193	December 3, 1889	Electro Magnetic Motor
416,194	December 3, 1889	Electric Motor
416,195	December 3, 1889	Electro Magnetic Motor
417,794	December 24, 1889	Armature for Electric Machines (A. Schmid & N. Tesla)
418,248	December 31, 1889	Electro Magnetic Motor
424,036	March 25, 1890	Electro Magnetic Motor
428,057	May 13, 1890	Pyromagneto Electric Generator
433,700	August 5, 1890	Alternating Current Electro Magnetic Motor
433,701	August 5, 1890	Alternating Current Motor
433,702	August 5, 1890	Electrical Transformer or Induction Device
433,703	August 5, 1890	Electro Magnetic Motor
445,207	January 27, 1891	Electro Magnetic Motor
447,920	March 10, 1891	Method of Operating Arc Lamps
447,921	March 10, 1891	Alternating Electric Current Generator
454,622	June 23, 1891	System of Electric Lighting
455,067	June 30, 1891	Electro Magnetic Motor
455,068	June 30, 1891	Electrical Meter
455,069	June 30, 1891	Electric Incandescent Lamp
459,772	September 22, 1891	Electro Magnetic Motor
462,418	November 3, 1891	Method of and Apparatus for Electrical Conversion and Distribution
464,666	December 8, 1891	Electro Magnetic Motor
464,667	December 8, 1891	Electrical Condenser
487,796	December 13, 1892	System of Electrical Transmission of Power
511,559	December 26, 1893	Electrical Transmission of Power
511,560	December 26, 1893	System of Electrical Power Transmission
511,915	January 2, 1894	Electrical Transmission of Power
511,916	January 2, 1894	Electric Generator
512,340	January 9, 1894	Coil for Electro Magnets
514,167	February 6, 1984	Electrical Conductor
514,168	February 6, 1984	Means for Generating Electric Currents
514,169	February 6, 1984	Reciprocating Engine
514,170	February 6, 1984	Incandescent Electric Light
514,972	February 20, 1984	Electric Railway System
514,973	February 20, 1984	Electrical Meter
517,900	April 10, 1894	Steam Engine
524,426	August 14, 1894	Electromagnetic Motor
555,190	February 25, 1896	Alternating Motor
567,818	September 15, 1896	Electrical Condenser
568,176	September 22, 1896	Apparatus for Producing Electric Currents of High Frequency and Potential
568,177	September 22, 1896	Apparatus for Producing Ozone
568,178	September 22, 1896	Method of Regulating Apparatus for Producing Currents of High Frequency
568,179	September 22, 1896	Method of and Apparatus for Producing Currents of High Frequency
568,180	September 22, 1896	Apparatus for Producing Electrical Currents of High Frequency
577,670	February 23, 1897	Apparatus for Producing Electric Currents of High Frequency
577,671	February 23, 1897	Manufacture of Electrical Condensers, Coils and Similar Devices
583,953	June 8, 1897	Apparatus for Producing Currents of High Frequency
593,138	November 2, 1897	Electrical Transformer
609,245	August 16, 1898	Electrical Circuit Controller
609,246	August 16, 1898	Electric Circuit Controller
609,247	August 16, 1898	Electric Circuit Controller
609,248	August 16, 1898	Electric Circuit Controller
609,249	August 16, 1898	Electric Circuit Controller
609,250	August 16, 1898	Electrical Ignitor for Gas Engines
609,251	August 16, 1898	Electric Circuit Controller
611,719	October 4, 1898	Electrical Circuit Controller
613,735	November 8, 1898	Electric Circuit Controller
613,809	November 8, 1898	Method of and Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vessels or Vehicles
645,576	March 20, 1900	System of Transmission of Electrical Energy
649,621	May 15, 1900	Apparatus for Transmission of Electrical Energy
655,838	August 14, 1900	Method of Insulating Electric Conductors
11,865 reissue	October 23, 1900	Method of Insulating Electric Conductors
685,012	October 22, 1901	Means for Increasing the Intensity of Electrical Oscillations
685,953	November 5, 1901	Method of Intensifying and Utilizing Effects Transmitted Through Natural Media
685,954	November 5, 1901	Method of Utilizing Effects Transmitted Through Natural Media
685,955	November 5, 1901	Apparatus for Utilizing Effects Transmitted From a Distance to a Receiving Device Through Natural Media
685,956	November 5, 1901	Apparatus for Utilizing Effects Transmitted Through Natural Media
685,957	November 5, 1901	Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy
685,958	November 5, 1901	Method of Utilizing Radiant Energy
723,188	March 17, 1903	Method of Signaling
725,605	April 14, 1903	System of Signaling
787,412	April 18, 1905	Art of Transmitting Electrical Energy Through the Natural Mediums
1,061,142	April 29, 1913	Fluid Propulsion
1,061,206	May 6, 1913	Turbine
1,113,716	October 13, 1914	Fountain
1,119,732	December 1, 1914	Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy
1,209,359	December 19, 1916	Speed Indicator
1,266,175	May 14, 1918	Lightning Protector
1,274,816	August 6, 1918	Speed Indicator
1,314,718	September 2, 1919	Ship’s Log
1,329,559	February 3, 1920	Valvular Conduit
1,365,547	January 11, 1921	Flow Meter
1,402,025	January 3, 1922	Frequency Meter
1,655,113	January 3, 1928	Method of Aerial Transportation
1,655,114	January 3, 1928	Apparatus for Aerial Transportation

Nikola Tesla patents: the Great Britain

Patent	Date of Application	Patent Title
1877	February 9, 1886	Improvements in electric lamps
2975	March 2, 1886	Improvements in dynamo electric machines
6481	May 1, 1888	Improvements relating to the electrical transmission of power and to apparatus therefor
6502	May 1, 1888	Improvements relating to the generation and transmission of electrical currents and apparatus therefor
6527	April 16, 1889	Improvements relating to electro-motors
16709	October 22, 1889	Improvements relating to the conversion of alternating to direct electric currents
19420	December 3, 1889	Improvements in alternating current electro-magnetic motors
19426	December 3, 1889	Improvements in the construction and mode of operating alternating current motors
8575	May 19, 1891	Improved methods of and apparatus for generating and utilizing electric energy for lighting purposes
11473	July 6, 1891	Improvements in alternating current electro-magnetic motors
2801	February 8, 1894	Improvements in reciprocating engines and means for regulating the period of the same
2812	February 8, 1894	Improvements in methods of apparatus for the generation of electric currents of a defined period
20981	September 22, 1896	Improvements to the production, regulation and utilization of electric currents of high frequency, and apparatus therefor
24421	October 21, 1897	Improvements in systems for the transmission of electrical energy and apparatus for use therein
12866	June 8, 1898	Improvements in Electrical Circuit Controllers
26371	December 13, 1898	Improvements in the method of and apparatus for controlling the mechanism of floating vessels or moving vehicles
14550	August 14, 1900	Improvements relating to the insulation of electric conductors
11293	June 1, 1901	Improvements relating to the utilization of electromagnetic, light or other like radiations effects or disturbances transmitted through the natural media and to apparatus therefor
13563	July 3, 1901	Improvements in, and relating to, the transmission of electrical energy
14579	July 17, 1901	Improvements in and relating to the transmission of electrical energy
8200	April 17, 1905	Improvements relating to the Transmission of Electrical Energy
24001	October 17, 1910	Improved method of imparting energy to or deriving energy from a fluid and apparatus for use therein
174544	April 1, 1921	Improvements in methods of and apparatus for the generation of power by elastic fluid turbines
179043	March 24, 1921	Improved process and apparatus for production of high vacua
185446	April 1921, 1921	Method of and apparatus for aerial transportation
186082	March 24, 1921	Improvements in the construction of steam and gas turbines
186083	March 24, 1921	Improved method of and apparatus for the economic transportation of energy of steam turbines
186084	March 24, 1921	Improved process of and apparatus for deriving motive power from steam
186799	September 2, 1921	Process for and apparatus for balancing rotating machine parts

Nikola Tesla patents: Canada

Patent	Date of Application	Patent Title
C24,033	April 27, 1886	Dynamo Electric Machine
C29,537	May 1, 1888	Method & App. for the Electrical Transmission of Power
C30,172	May 1, 1888	Method & App. for Converting & Distributing Electric Currents
C33,317	December 19. 1889	Method & App. for Converting Alternating into Direct Currents
C135,174	August 22, 1911	Fluid Propulsion
C142,352	August 13, 1912	Electrical Energy Transmission

Fluorescent Lamps

Lets start with this not new but mysterious thing.
 We find fluorescent lamps everywhere around ourselves - in homes, offices , streets . But still its a mystery for most of us that what's going on inside these glowing beauties and why are they better than those traditional incandescent bulbs.

Background :
 As we know,Light is a form of energy that can be released by an atom. It is made up of many small particle-like packets that have energy and momentum but no mass. These particles, called light photons, are the most basic units of light. Atoms release light photons when their electrons become excited. When an atom gains or loses energy, the change is expressed by the movement of electrons. When something passes energy on to an atom -- heat, for example -- an electron may be temporarily boosted to a higher orbital (farther away from the nucleus).The electron only holds this position for a tiny fraction of a second; almost immediately, it is drawn back toward the nucleus, to its original orbital. As it returns to its original orbital,

the electron releases the extra energy in the form of a photon, in some cases a light photon.

The wavelength of the emitted light depends on how much energy is released, which depends on the particular position of the electron. Consequently, different sorts of atoms will release different sorts of light photons. In other words, the color of the light is determined by what kind of atom is excited.

This is the basic mechanism at work in nearly all light sources. The main difference between these sources is the process of exciting the atoms. In an incandescent light source, such as an ordinary light bulb or gas lamp, atoms are excited by heat; in a light stick, atoms are excited by a chemical reaction. Fluorescent lamps have one of the most elaborate systems for exciting atoms.

Construction and Working :

The central element in a fluorescent lamp is a sealed glass tube. The tube contains a small bit of mercury and an inert gas, typically argon, kept under very low pressure. The tube also contains a phosphor powder, coated along the inside of the glass. The tube has two electrodes, one at each end, which are wired to an electrical circuit. The electrical circuit, which we'll examine later, is hooked up to an alternating current (AC)

supply.

When you turn the lamp on, the current flows through the electrical circuit to the electrodes. There is a considerable voltage across the electrodes, so electrons will migrate through the gas from one end of the tube to the other. This energy changes some of the mercury in the tube from a liquid to a gas. As electrons and charged atoms move through the tube, some of them will collide with the gaseous mercury atoms.These collisions excite the atoms, bumping electrons up to higher energy levels. When the electrons return to their original energy level, they release light photons.

As we saw in the last section, the wavelength of a photon is determined by the particular electron arrangement in the atom. The electrons in mercury atoms are arranged in such a way that they mostly release light photons in the ultraviolet wavelength range. Our eyes don't register ultraviolet photons, so this sort of light needs to be converted into visible light to illuminate the lamp.This is where the tube's phosphor powder coating comes in. Phosphors are substances that give off light when they are exposed to light. When a photon hits a phosphor atom, one of the phosphor's electrons jumps to a higher energy level and the atom heats up.

When the electron falls back to its normal level, it releases energy in the form of another photon. This photon has less energy than the original photon, because some energy was lost as heat. In a fluorescent lamp, the emitted light is in the visible spectrum -- the phosphor gives off white light we can see. Manufacturers can vary the color of the light by using different combinations of phosphors.

When the lamp first turns on, the path of least resistance is through the bypass circuit,and across the starter switch. In this circuit, the current passes through the electrodes on both ends of the tube. These electrodes are simple filaments, like you would find in an incandescent light bulb. When the current runs through the bypass circuit, electricity heats up the filaments. This boils off electrons from the metal surface, sending them into the gas tube, ionizing the gas.

At the same time, the electrical current sets off an interesting sequence of events in the starter switch. The conventional starter switch is a small discharge bulb, containing neon or some other gas. The bulb has two electrodes positioned right next to each other. When electricity is initially passed through the bypass circuit, an electrical arc (essentially, a flow of charged particles) jumps between these electrodes to make a

connection. This arc lights the bulb in the same way a larger arc lights a fluorescent bulb.One of the electrodes is a bimetallic strip that bends when it is heated. The small amount of heat from the lit bulb bends the bimetallic strip so it makes contact with the other electrode. With the two electrodes touching each other, the current doesn't need to jump as an arc anymore. Consequently, there are no charged particles flowing through the gas, and the light goes out. Without the heat from the light, the bimetallic strip cools,

bending away from the other electrode. This opens the circuit. Inside the casing of a conventional fluorescent starter there is a small gas discharge lamp.

By the time this happens, the filaments have already ionized the gas in the fluorescent tube, creating an electrically conductive medium. The tube just needs a voltage kick across the electrodes to establish an electrical arc. This kick is provided by the lamp's ballast, a special sort of transformer wired into the circuit.

When the current flows through the bypass circuit, it establishes a magnetic field in part of the ballast. This magnetic field is maintained by the flowing current. When the starter switch is opened, the current is briefly cut off from the ballast. The magnetic field collapses, which creates a sudden jump in current -- the ballast releases its stored energy.

The ballast, starter switch and fluorescent bulb are all wired together in a simple circuit.

This surge in current helps build the initial voltage needed to establish the electrical arc through the gas. Instead of flowing through the bypass circuit and jumping across the gap in the starter switch, the electrical current flows through the tube. The free electrons collide with the atoms, knocking loose other electrons, which creates ions. The result is a plasma, a gas composed largely of ions and free electrons, all moving freely. This creates a path for an electrical current.The impact of flying electrons keeps the two filaments warm, so they continue to emit new electrons into the plasma. As long as there is AC current, and the filaments aren't worn out, current will continue to flow through the tube.

The problem with this sort of lamp is it takes a few seconds for it to light up. These days, most fluorescent lamps are designed to light up almost instantly.

Comparison with conventional incandescent lamp :

Conventional incandescent light bulbs also emit a good bit of ultraviolet light, but they do not convert any of it to visible light. Consequently, a lot of the energy used to power an incandescent lamp is wasted. A fluorescent lamp puts this invisible light to work, and so is more efficient. Incandescent lamps also lose more energy through heat emission than do fluorescent lamps. Overall, a typical fluorescent lamp is four to six times more efficient than an incandescent lamp. People generally use incandescent lights in the home,however, since they emit a "warmer" light -- a light with more red and less blue.

WELCOME NOTE:

Hello ! Electrical freaks and curious learners.

This blog is made with a vision to make readers aware of latest happenings in 'Electrical world'. It is also intended to act as a platform for sharing assignments and study material relevant to various engineering courses.

Remain tuned for delving into the ocean of knowledge!